{"id":6440,"date":"2024-09-07T16:47:49","date_gmt":"2024-09-07T15:47:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/?p=6440"},"modified":"2026-01-11T19:30:52","modified_gmt":"2026-01-11T18:30:52","slug":"the-marquise-islands-a-history-etched-in-stone","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/en\/iles-marquises-une-histoire-gravee-dans-la-pierre\/","title":{"rendered":"Marquesas Islands: a history etched in stone"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>The Marquesans have developed a monumental habitat and very specific sculptures, the <em>tikis<\/em>. More than 700 archaeological and legendary sites have been recorded in the archipelago, and the inventory is far from complete. They bear witness to a large Polynesian population before the arrival of the West, which managed to maintain itself despite its isolation and to build a unique and original culture.<\/strong><\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-white ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/en\/iles-marquises-une-histoire-gravee-dans-la-pierre\/#Comment_les_Marquises_ont_ete_occupees\" >How were the Marquesas Islands occupied?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/en\/iles-marquises-une-histoire-gravee-dans-la-pierre\/#Des_recherches_menees_depuis_un_siecle\" >A century of research<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/en\/iles-marquises-une-histoire-gravee-dans-la-pierre\/#Un_patrimoine_garant_de_la_culture_marquisienne\" >A heritage that guarantees Marquesan culture<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/en\/iles-marquises-une-histoire-gravee-dans-la-pierre\/#Une_structure_lithique_marquisienne_le_paepae\" >A Marquesan lithic structure: the paepae<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/en\/iles-marquises-une-histoire-gravee-dans-la-pierre\/#Henua_ou_Fenua_%E2%80%98Enana_la_Terre_des_Hommes\" >Henua or Fenua 'Enana: the Land of Men<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/en\/iles-marquises-une-histoire-gravee-dans-la-pierre\/#Tapu_et_tabou\" >Tapu and taboo<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/en\/iles-marquises-une-histoire-gravee-dans-la-pierre\/#Iles_Marquises_Recits_des_origines\" >Marquesas Islands: Tales from the past<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/en\/iles-marquises-une-histoire-gravee-dans-la-pierre\/#La_mer_et_les_femmes\" >The sea and women<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Hiva-Oa-_grand-tiki-a-Puamau_-057-Copier.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-0\" data-rl_title=\"\u00celes Marquises. Hiva Oa. Grand tiki de Puamau. B. Postel.\" data-rl_caption=\"\u00celes Marquises. Hiva Oa. Grand tiki de Puamau. B. Postel.\" title=\"Marquesas Islands. Hiva Oa. Great tiki of Puamau. B. Postel.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Hiva-Oa-_grand-tiki-a-Puamau_-057-Copier.jpg\" alt=\"Marquesas Islands. Hiva Oa. Great tiki of Puamau. B. Postel.\" class=\"wp-image-6458\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Hiva-Oa-_grand-tiki-a-Puamau_-057-Copier.jpg 512w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Hiva-Oa-_grand-tiki-a-Puamau_-057-Copier-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Hiva-Oa-_grand-tiki-a-Puamau_-057-Copier-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Hiva-Oa-_grand-tiki-a-Puamau_-057-Copier-400x600.jpg 400w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Hiva-Oa-_grand-tiki-a-Puamau_-057-Copier-16x24.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Marquesas Islands. Hiva Oa. Great tiki of Puamau. \u00a9 B. Postel.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><br>The Marquesas archipelago was \"discovered\" by Westerners in 1595, when the Spanish explorer Alvaro Mendana de Neira named the islands <em>\"Islas de la Marquesa de Mendo\u00e7a<\/em> in honour of the wife of the Viceroy of Peru, Don Garc\u00eda Hurtado de Mendoza, Marquis of Ca\u00f1ete. The French form remained. It was not until 1774 that it was mentioned again when James Cook made a brief stopover there. <\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/N5_08565-Moorea-Copier.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-1\" data-rl_title=\"\u00celes Marquises. Les marquisiens sont des marins hors pair. S. Grandadam.\" data-rl_caption=\"\u00celes Marquises. Les marquisiens sont des marins hors pair. S. Grandadam.\" title=\"Marquesas Islands. Marquesans are outstanding sailors. S. Grandadam.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/N5_08565-Moorea-Copier-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Marquesas Islands. Marquesans are outstanding sailors. S. Grandadam.\" class=\"wp-image-6485\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/N5_08565-Moorea-Copier-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/N5_08565-Moorea-Copier-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/N5_08565-Moorea-Copier-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/N5_08565-Moorea-Copier-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/N5_08565-Moorea-Copier-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/N5_08565-Moorea-Copier-36x24.jpg 36w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/N5_08565-Moorea-Copier.jpg 1152w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Marquesas Islands. The Marquesans are outstanding sailors. This young man is blowing a Pu, a calling horn made from a Charonia tritonis shell. S. Grandadam.<\/em><br><br><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>It is one of the archipelagos furthest from any continent, which is why it was reached and populated late, around 800 AD, by Austronesian navigators (1) from Western Polynesia. <em>\"The Austronesians, established in the Fiji-Tonga-Samoa area, continued their discovery of the Pacific by heading towards the rising sun.<\/em>explain Sophie-Doroth\u00e9e Duron, Marie-No\u00eblle and Pierre Ottino-Garanger, authors of <em>The Marquesan Ocean<\/em>. <em>These people were outstanding sailors who knew how to read the sea, understand the whispering winds and interpret the language of the stars. This direction, facing the trade winds, gave them a safe return in case they didn't reach new land. Returning to the archipelago of departure was then easier with the wind astern\".<\/em> The Marquesas were then used as a base for further explorations to Easter Island, Hawaii and New Zealand, bearing witness to a civilisation that saw the ocean not as an obstacle on the fringes of the continental world, but as a universe in its own right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Comment_les_Marquises_ont_ete_occupees\"><\/span>How were the Marquesas Islands occupied?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Aranui_Marquises_cretes-de-UA-POU_-021-Copier.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-2\" data-rl_title=\"\u00celes Marquises. Une ride centrale, traverse l\u2019\u00eele de Ua Pou du nord au sud et la divise en deux parties. Elle poss\u00e8de les trois pics les plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s d\u2019o\u00f9 se pr\u00e9cipitent des falaises aux parois vertigineuses, faisant de l&rsquo;\u00eele une \u00ab\u00a0cath\u00e9drale\u00a0\u00bb unique en Polyn\u00e9sie. B. Postel.\" data-rl_caption=\"\u00celes Marquises. Une ride centrale, traverse l\u2019\u00eele de Ua Pou du nord au sud et la divise en deux parties. Elle poss\u00e8de les trois pics les plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s d\u2019o\u00f9 se pr\u00e9cipitent des falaises aux parois vertigineuses, faisant de l&#039;\u00eele une &quot;cath\u00e9drale&quot; unique en Polyn\u00e9sie. B. Postel.\" title=\"Marquesas Islands. A central wrinkle crosses the island of Ua Pou from north to south and divides it into two parts. It contains the three highest peaks, from which vertiginous cliffs plunge, making the island a unique &quot;cathedral&quot; in Polynesia. B. Postel.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Aranui_Marquises_cretes-de-UA-POU_-021-Copier-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Marquesas Islands. A central wrinkle crosses the island of Ua Pou from north to south and divides it into two parts. It contains the three highest peaks, from which vertiginous cliffs plunge, making the island a unique &quot;cathedral&quot; in Polynesia. B. Postel.\" class=\"wp-image-6484\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Aranui_Marquises_cretes-de-UA-POU_-021-Copier-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Aranui_Marquises_cretes-de-UA-POU_-021-Copier-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Aranui_Marquises_cretes-de-UA-POU_-021-Copier-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Aranui_Marquises_cretes-de-UA-POU_-021-Copier-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Aranui_Marquises_cretes-de-UA-POU_-021-Copier-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Aranui_Marquises_cretes-de-UA-POU_-021-Copier-36x24.jpg 36w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Aranui_Marquises_cretes-de-UA-POU_-021-Copier.jpg 1152w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Marquesas Islands. A central wrinkle crosses the island of Ua Pou from north to south and divides it into two parts. It contains the three highest peaks, from which vertiginous cliffs plunge, making the island a unique \"cathedral\" in Polynesia. \u00a9 B. Postel. <\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><br>On these mountainous islands, with their very steep terrain and high cliffs, cut by deep, narrow valleys that form so many territories, families preferred to settle further inland for safety, even though the coastline and lower valley often offered flatter areas. Rarely occupied because they were dangerous in many ways (risk of tsunamis or cliff collapses, areas of fighting and inter-tribal kidnappings), coastal areas also formed a boundary between two worlds, that of the land and the sea, thus taking on a special dimension. The shoreline also marked the boundary with the world of the ancestors, located beyond the ocean. That's why only fishermen (exclusively men) and people whose job it was to protect or conduct trade normally lived there. A dwelling could be set up there (<em>paepae <\/em>or <em>upe <\/em>depending on the island), but preferably on the higher ground and limited to seasonal use. The valleys were home to clans in the broadest sense of the term. <em>\"The development of the coastline, valley bottoms, etc. was determined, in part, by the constraints linked to basic human needs: food, shelter, and by the beliefs and knowledge of these \"peoples of the sea\", as the Polynesians have been called.<\/em>Pierre Ottino-Garanger, research archaeologist at the Institut de recherche pour le d\u00e9veloppement (IRD) and ICOMOS expert. <em>\"The 'enata (original inhabitants of the southern group) had to respect both physical constraints and age-old traditions inherited from an ancestral culture reproduced as they progressed and settled across the Pacific.<\/em> \" explains ethno-archaeologist Marie-No\u00eblle Ottino-Garanger, who is conducting research into the settlement of the Marquesas Islands. In addition to adapting to natural constraints, they also developed a vision of the place of each person, of each family, according to its role in the community. Not to mention the large number of <em>tapu <\/em>which governed their social and religious life. Their world was perceived as made up of layers - the <em>dad <\/em>- the world of the ancestors, and those of the world of the living, of society too, including those of the <em>papa haka'iki<\/em> or \"chief class\" and <em>papa tau'a <\/em>\"class of priests\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Des_recherches_menees_depuis_un_siecle\"><\/span>A century of research<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Pierre-Ottino_P1230778-Kamuihei-Hatiheu-NKH-hae-sur-paepae-restaure-Copier.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-3\" data-rl_title=\"\u00celes Marquises. \u00c0 quelques km du village de Hatiheu, on trouve le site de Kamuihei avec un hae sur paepae. P. Ottino.\" data-rl_caption=\"\u00celes Marquises. \u00c0 quelques km du village de Hatiheu, on trouve le site de Kamuihei avec un hae sur paepae. P. Ottino.\" title=\"Marquesas Islands. A few kilometres from the village of Hatiheu is the site of Kamuihei with a hae on paepae. P. Ottino.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Pierre-Ottino_P1230778-Kamuihei-Hatiheu-NKH-hae-sur-paepae-restaure-Copier.jpg\" alt=\"Marquesas Islands. A few kilometres from the village of Hatiheu is the site of Kamuihei with a hae on paepae. P. Ottino.\" class=\"wp-image-6479\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Pierre-Ottino_P1230778-Kamuihei-Hatiheu-NKH-hae-sur-paepae-restaure-Copier.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Pierre-Ottino_P1230778-Kamuihei-Hatiheu-NKH-hae-sur-paepae-restaure-Copier-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Pierre-Ottino_P1230778-Kamuihei-Hatiheu-NKH-hae-sur-paepae-restaure-Copier-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Pierre-Ottino_P1230778-Kamuihei-Hatiheu-NKH-hae-sur-paepae-restaure-Copier-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Pierre-Ottino_P1230778-Kamuihei-Hatiheu-NKH-hae-sur-paepae-restaure-Copier-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Pierre-Ottino_P1230778-Kamuihei-Hatiheu-NKH-hae-sur-paepae-restaure-Copier-32x24.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Marquesas Islands. A few kilometres from the village of Hatiheu is the site of Kamuihei with a hae on a paepae \u00a9 P. Ottino.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><br>The first archaeological work dates back to the 1920s and was carried out by Ralph Linton of the Bishop Museum in Hawaii. He inventoried numerous sites and surface structures based on the memories of the Ancients. His work still forms a basis for archaeologists today. Then an American mission led by Robert C. Suggs (<em>Bayard Dominick Expedition<\/em>) carried out excavations from 1957 to 1958 on the large island of Nuku Hiva. Other pioneers, such as Y. Sinoto (1979 <em>Bishop Museum, Hawaii<\/em>), who works mainly on the island of Ua Huka. It has to be said that, in the 1960s, archaeology required the discovery of artefacts which were exhumed in order to study this culture by means of analyses carried out outside the island. These objects were added to museum collections, but also to private collections. Many objects were also given away, sold, exchanged or stolen, making local people suspicious of the \"diggers\".<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Pierre-Ottino_Tiki-Aakapa_meae-Tapuivi-Copier.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-4\" data-rl_title=\"\u00celes Marquises. Tiki en basalte du me&rsquo;ae Tapuivi \u00e0 A&rsquo;akapa, \u00eele de Nuku Hiva. P. Ottino.\" data-rl_caption=\"\u00celes Marquises. Tiki en basalte du me&#039;ae Tapuivi \u00e0 A&#039;akapa, \u00eele de Nuku Hiva. P. Ottino.\" title=\"Marquesas Islands. Basalt tiki from the Tapuivi me&#039;ae at A&#039;akapa, Nuku Hiva island. P. Ottino.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Pierre-Ottino_Tiki-Aakapa_meae-Tapuivi-Copier.jpg\" alt=\"Marquesas Islands. Basalt tiki from the Tapuivi me&#039;ae at A&#039;akapa, Nuku Hiva island. P. Ottino.\" class=\"wp-image-6480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Pierre-Ottino_Tiki-Aakapa_meae-Tapuivi-Copier.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Pierre-Ottino_Tiki-Aakapa_meae-Tapuivi-Copier-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Pierre-Ottino_Tiki-Aakapa_meae-Tapuivi-Copier-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Pierre-Ottino_Tiki-Aakapa_meae-Tapuivi-Copier-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Pierre-Ottino_Tiki-Aakapa_meae-Tapuivi-Copier-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Pierre-Ottino_Tiki-Aakapa_meae-Tapuivi-Copier-32x24.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Marquesas Islands. Basalt tiki of the me'ae Tapuivi in A'akapa, Nuku Hiva \u00a9 P. Ottino.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><br>Interest in the archaeological sites began in the mid-1980s, when the IRD (Institut de recherche pour le d\u00e9veloppement) assigned an archaeologist to the island. The Department of Culture and Heritage and the University of French Polynesia also intervened from time to time: Tamara Maric, \u00c9ric Conte, Guillaume Molle, Aymeric Hermann Maus, Melinda Allen and others. Their research focuses on chronological issues, the history of the archipelago's population and the settlements established in response to the environment on which these islanders depended (the petroglyph of the <em>tohua Kamuihei<\/em> discovered during work carried out on this vast community centre by the Ottino-Garangers and the inhabitants of the valley, is now the logo of the community of communes). Today, they are coupled with a concern to safeguard and enhance them with the help of the Marquesans. By helping to preserve their archaeological heritage, they are reconnecting with their past and their traditions, which have been undermined for generations by both religious and civil authorities. <\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Nuku-Hiva_Hatiheu_-104-Copier.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-5\" data-rl_title=\"\u00celes Marquises. Danseurs \u00e0 Nuku Hiva Hatiheu. B. Postel.\" data-rl_caption=\"\u00celes Marquises. Danseurs \u00e0 Nuku Hiva Hatiheu. B. Postel.\" title=\"Marquesas Islands. Dancers in Nuku Hiva Hatiheu. B. Postel.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Nuku-Hiva_Hatiheu_-104-Copier-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Marquesas Islands. Dancers in Nuku Hiva Hatiheu. B. Postel.\" class=\"wp-image-6465\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Nuku-Hiva_Hatiheu_-104-Copier-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Nuku-Hiva_Hatiheu_-104-Copier-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Nuku-Hiva_Hatiheu_-104-Copier-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Nuku-Hiva_Hatiheu_-104-Copier-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Nuku-Hiva_Hatiheu_-104-Copier-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Nuku-Hiva_Hatiheu_-104-Copier-36x24.jpg 36w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Nuku-Hiva_Hatiheu_-104-Copier.jpg 1152w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Marquesas Islands. Dancers in Nuku Hiva Hatiheu \u00a9 B. Postel.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>This cultural revival, which began in the late 1970s, is expressed in particular during the Marquesas Arts Festival, the <em>Matava'a o te henua 'enana<\/em>These events are often an opportunity to rediscover and restore ancient sites (by clearing the abundant vegetation, which often prevents an overall view of the structures) and to assert a cultural identity by recognising a heritage in the broadest sense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Un_patrimoine_garant_de_la_culture_marquisienne\"><\/span>A heritage that guarantees Marquesan culture<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/P1010591.-tohua-Koueva-avec-banians-et-badamiers_OttinoJPG-Copier.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-6\" data-rl_title=\"\u00celes Marquises. Le Tohua de Koueva situ\u00e9 dans la vall\u00e9e Haavao sur l&rsquo;\u00eele de Nuku Hiva est plant\u00e9 de bamians dont les troncs abritaient les ossements des morts. P. Ottino.\" data-rl_caption=\"\u00celes Marquises. Le Tohua de Koueva situ\u00e9 dans la vall\u00e9e Haavao sur l&#039;\u00eele de Nuku Hiva est plant\u00e9 de bamians dont les troncs abritaient les ossements des morts. P. Ottino.\" title=\"Marquesas Islands. The Tohua de Koueva in the Haavao valley on the island of Nuku Hiva is planted with bamian trees whose trunks used to house the bones of the dead. P. Ottino.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/P1010591.-tohua-Koueva-avec-banians-et-badamiers_OttinoJPG-Copier.jpg\" alt=\"Marquesas Islands. The Tohua de Koueva in the Haavao valley on the island of Nuku Hiva is planted with bamian trees whose trunks used to house the bones of the dead. P. Ottino.\" class=\"wp-image-6487\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/P1010591.-tohua-Koueva-avec-banians-et-badamiers_OttinoJPG-Copier.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/P1010591.-tohua-Koueva-avec-banians-et-badamiers_OttinoJPG-Copier-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/P1010591.-tohua-Koueva-avec-banians-et-badamiers_OttinoJPG-Copier-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/P1010591.-tohua-Koueva-avec-banians-et-badamiers_OttinoJPG-Copier-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/P1010591.-tohua-Koueva-avec-banians-et-badamiers_OttinoJPG-Copier-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/P1010591.-tohua-Koueva-avec-banians-et-badamiers_OttinoJPG-Copier-32x24.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Marquesas Islands. The Tohua de Koueva in the Haavao valley on the island of Nuku Hiva is planted with bamian trees whose trunks used to house the bones of the dead. P. Ottino.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><em>\"Heritage appears to be the guarantor of Marquesan and Polynesian authenticity, all the more so because in these societies with an oral tradition, the demographic haemorrhage at the beginning of the 20th century and the disruption caused by European contact very quickly upset traditional points of reference. While language remains the day-to-day support for the specificity of these peoples, like lifestyles, mentalities, gestures and techniques, it is sensitive to changes in the world and changes with it. The only thing that remains anchored, as long as it is not disrupted, is the imprint of this ancient culture on persistent elements, such as the landscapes and the marker trees that are the banyan trees, or the many traces inscribed in the soil or by means of the rock, the dense basalt that is omnipresent in the archipelago. These banyan trees in the middle of the terraces are no accident of nature. They are an integral part of the sanctuaries. In fact, the roots and hollow trunks were used to house the bones of the dead. That's why we can't use diggers for excavations. They are the mnemonic devices of a culture that is now seeking to preserve its memory, its originality and its history through its own footprints\".<\/em>reveals Pierre Ottino-Garanger. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Une_structure_lithique_marquisienne_le_paepae\"><\/span>A Marquesan lithic structure: the paepae<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_ile-de-Hiva-Oa_Paepae-Atuona_119-Copier.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-7\" data-rl_title=\"\u00cfles Marquises. Paepae Atuona dans l&rsquo;\u00eele de Hiva Oa. B. Postel.\" data-rl_caption=\"\u00cfles Marquises. Paepae Atuona dans l&#039;\u00eele de Hiva Oa. B. Postel.\" title=\"Marquesas Islands. Paepae Atuona on the island of Hiva Oa. B. Postel.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_ile-de-Hiva-Oa_Paepae-Atuona_119-Copier-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Marquesas Islands. Paepae Atuona on the island of Hiva Oa. B. Postel.\" class=\"wp-image-6478\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_ile-de-Hiva-Oa_Paepae-Atuona_119-Copier-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_ile-de-Hiva-Oa_Paepae-Atuona_119-Copier-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_ile-de-Hiva-Oa_Paepae-Atuona_119-Copier-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_ile-de-Hiva-Oa_Paepae-Atuona_119-Copier-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_ile-de-Hiva-Oa_Paepae-Atuona_119-Copier-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_ile-de-Hiva-Oa_Paepae-Atuona_119-Copier-36x24.jpg 36w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_ile-de-Hiva-Oa_Paepae-Atuona_119-Copier.jpg 1152w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Marquesas Islands. Paepae Atuona on the island of Hiva Oa \u00a9 B. Postel.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><br>Today's inhabitants (a population of around 9,000, compared with more than 100,000 in the 18th century) now occupy just a few of the valleys, but the often impressive remains of settlements still cover these islands. They contribute to their originality and beauty. Some are ancient <em>me'ae<\/em>These are sacred places in a natural environment, set apart and high up for the most <em>tapu<\/em>. The dwelling, made of plant material, was built on a rectangular paved lithic platform, the <em>paepae<\/em>. The largest, that of Chief Heato at Ua Pou, measures 40 m by 12 m and is 3 m high. It comprises 3 levels with slabs laid on a field and several adorned with bas-reliefs, some as long as 3 m... As for the whole, it represents some 2,000 m3 of basalt rock, brought in with no help other than human strength. Today, the terms <em>paepae <\/em>or <em>upe <\/em>refers to any quadrangular platform erected on the ground, with a frame at its rear, the <em>ha'e <\/em>(or <em>fa'e<\/em>). Other noteworthy developments include the <em>tohua <\/em>or <em>taha koika <\/em>(or <em>koina<\/em>), forming large spaces 60 to 120 m long (and even 140 and 155 m long for the <em>tohua <\/em>of Hatiheu like Tahakia. Unique to the archipelago, they were surrounded by bleachers and buildings that could accommodate hundreds of guests for festivals and ceremonies (for festivals to present young people with their first tattoos, for mourning ceremonies or the choice of a new chief, etc.), as well as engraved rocks or <em>tikis<\/em> (anthropomorphic figures), some of which date back to the 15th century, although it is difficult to date them precisely. <\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Hiva-Oa-_Puamau_-099-Copier.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-8\" data-rl_title=\"\u00celes Marquises. Dans l&rsquo;\u00eele de Hiva Oa, sur e site de Puamau, Cette sculpture exceptionnelle en tuf gris clair repr\u00e9sente une femme entrain d&rsquo;accoucher, les yeux braqu\u00e9s vers le ciel. B. Postel.\" data-rl_caption=\"\u00celes Marquises. Dans l&#039;\u00eele de Hiva Oa, sur e site de Puamau, Cette sculpture exceptionnelle en tuf gris clair repr\u00e9sente une femme entrain d&#039;accoucher, les yeux braqu\u00e9s vers le ciel. B. Postel.\" title=\"Marquesas Islands. On the island of Hiva Oa, at the Puamau site, this exceptional sculpture in light grey tufa represents a woman in labour, her eyes focused on the sky. B. Postel.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Hiva-Oa-_Puamau_-099-Copier.jpg\" alt=\"Marquesas Islands. On the island of Hiva Oa, on the site of Puamau, this exceptional sculpture in light grey tufa represents a woman in labour, her eyes focused on the sky. B. Postel.\" class=\"wp-image-6462\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Hiva-Oa-_Puamau_-099-Copier.jpg 512w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Hiva-Oa-_Puamau_-099-Copier-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Hiva-Oa-_Puamau_-099-Copier-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Hiva-Oa-_Puamau_-099-Copier-400x600.jpg 400w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Hiva-Oa-_Puamau_-099-Copier-16x24.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Marquesas Islands. On the island of Hiva Oa, on the Puamau site, this exceptional sculpture in light grey tufa represents a woman in labour, her eyes focused on the sky. \u00a9 B. Postel.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Made of stone or wood, these tikis reached impressive dimensions (2 m or more) on the eve of \"contact\". Often buried under the vegetation, these remains are relatively better preserved in uninhabited valleys, such as Haka'ohoka, located to the south-east of Ua Pou, one of the three northern islands of the Marquesas archipelago, on the island of Hiva Oa, in the southern group, which contains a large number of tikis. <em>tikis <\/em>and a major ceremonial centre, Lipona in Puamau, the most imposing in Polynesia with the largest tikis known outside Easter Island, or Paeke in the Taipivai valley on the island of Nuku Hiva.<em> <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Hiva-Oa-_tiki-assis-de-Puamau_-076-Copier.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-9\" data-rl_title=\"\u00efles Marquises. Le tiki assis du site de Puamau, sur l&rsquo;\u00eele de Hiva Oa, est repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 assis, jambes \u00e9cart\u00e9es, une position typique des femmes quand elles travaillent sur le sol. B. Postel.\" data-rl_caption=\"\u00efles Marquises. Le tiki assis du site de Puamau, sur l&#039;\u00eele de Hiva Oa, est repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 assis, jambes \u00e9cart\u00e9es, une position typique des femmes quand elles travaillent sur le sol. B. Postel.\" title=\"Marquesas Islands. The seated tiki from the Puamau site, on the island of Hiva Oa, is shown seated with its legs spread, a typical position for women working on the ground. B. Postel.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Hiva-Oa-_tiki-assis-de-Puamau_-076-Copier.jpg\" alt=\"Marquesas Islands. The seated tiki from the Puamau site, on the island of Hiva Oa, is shown seated with its legs spread, a typical position for women working on the ground. B. Postel.\" class=\"wp-image-6464\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Hiva-Oa-_tiki-assis-de-Puamau_-076-Copier.jpg 512w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Hiva-Oa-_tiki-assis-de-Puamau_-076-Copier-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Hiva-Oa-_tiki-assis-de-Puamau_-076-Copier-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Hiva-Oa-_tiki-assis-de-Puamau_-076-Copier-400x600.jpg 400w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_-Hiva-Oa-_tiki-assis-de-Puamau_-076-Copier-16x24.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Marquesas Islands. The seated tiki from the Puamau site, on the island of Hiva Oa, is shown seated, legs spread, a typical position for women when working on the ground \u00a9 B. Postel.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><em>\"In these remote islands, as in many other isolated places whose cultures have been abused by time and history, archaeology is a breath of fresh air. This breath is as much a cultural necessity as an economic one, providing a link between past, present and future, while contributing to social and intergenerational cohesion\".<\/em>concludes Pierre Ottino-Garanger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Henua_ou_Fenua_%E2%80%98Enana_la_Terre_des_Hommes\"><\/span>Henua or Fenua 'Enana: the Land of Men<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Human_figure_balsat_Marquises_Musee_de_Tahiti_et_des_Iles.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-10\" data-rl_title=\"Tahiti. Tiki en basalte. Mus\u00e9e de Tahiti et des \u00eeles. Wmpearl\/Commons.\" data-rl_caption=\"Tahiti. Tiki en basalte. Mus\u00e9e de Tahiti et des \u00eeles. Wmpearl\/Commons.\" title=\"Tahiti. Basalt tiki. Museum of Tahiti and the Islands. Wmpearl\/Commons.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"801\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Human_figure_balsat_Marquises_Musee_de_Tahiti_et_des_Iles.jpg\" alt=\"Tahiti. Basalt tiki. Museum of Tahiti and the Islands. Wmpearl\/Commons.\" class=\"wp-image-6496\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Human_figure_balsat_Marquises_Musee_de_Tahiti_et_des_Iles.jpg 640w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Human_figure_balsat_Marquises_Musee_de_Tahiti_et_des_Iles-240x300.jpg 240w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Human_figure_balsat_Marquises_Musee_de_Tahiti_et_des_Iles-10x12.jpg 10w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Human_figure_balsat_Marquises_Musee_de_Tahiti_et_des_Iles-479x600.jpg 479w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Human_figure_balsat_Marquises_Musee_de_Tahiti_et_des_Iles-19x24.jpg 19w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Tahiti. Basalt tiki. Museum of Tahiti and the Islands \u00a9 Wmpearl\/Commons.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The Marquesas Islands are the last landmass in the Pacific, stretching 350 km eastwards and 1,500 km from Tahiti. They are made up of a dozen islands, ranging in size from 0.25 km\u00b2 to 340 km\u00b2; the total land area is 1,050 km\u00b2, spread over around 700,000 km\u00b2 of maritime space. Born of recent volcanism, these islands have valleys delimited by a pronounced relief that has enabled their inhabitants to define their different territories (fenua in the south, henua in the north). Only six of the islands are inhabited, with a total population of around 10,000. In 1920, after the passage of the Spanish, Portuguese, English, Russians, whalers and French, there were only 2,000 Marquesans left. Despite massive depopulation caused by contact with Westerners, who carried viruses unknown to the Oceanians, the introduction of firearms and famines, the Marquesans have preserved the essence of their traditions and cultural values. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tapu_et_tabou\"><\/span><em>Tapu <\/em>and taboo<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/UaHuka_Meiaute_20061114.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-11\" data-rl_title=\"\u00celes des Marquises. Tikis en tuf volcanique rouge, sur le site arch\u00e9ologique de Meiaute, \u00eele de Ua Huka. Semhur\/Commons.\" data-rl_caption=\"\u00celes des Marquises. Tikis en tuf volcanique rouge, sur le site arch\u00e9ologique de Meiaute, \u00eele de Ua Huka. Semhur\/Commons.\" title=\"Marquesas Islands. Tikis made of red volcanic tuff, on the archaeological site of Meiaute, island of Ua Huka. Semhur\/Commons.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"510\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/UaHuka_Meiaute_20061114.jpg\" alt=\"Marquesas Islands. Tikis made of red volcanic tuff, on the archaeological site of Meiaute, island of Ua Huka. Semhur\/Commons.\" class=\"wp-image-6498\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/UaHuka_Meiaute_20061114.jpg 640w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/UaHuka_Meiaute_20061114-300x239.jpg 300w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/UaHuka_Meiaute_20061114-15x12.jpg 15w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/UaHuka_Meiaute_20061114-600x478.jpg 600w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/UaHuka_Meiaute_20061114-30x24.jpg 30w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Marquesas Islands. Red volcanic tufa tikis at the Meiaute archaeological site on the island of Ua Huka \u00a9 Semhur\/Commons.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><br><em>Tapu<\/em>This Polynesian word means 'forbidden' and has a sacred connotation. It can refer to objects, people or actions that must be avoided so as not to trigger the wrath of the gods or defile the person who transgresses. James Cook brought the word back to England after his expeditions to the South Pacific. Freud, in his book <em>Totem and Taboo<\/em> popularised the expression and ethnologists used it as a generic term to mean something that is forbidden. Many <em>tapu <\/em>Some of them are still with us today, explains Pierre Ottino-Garanger : <em>\u00a0\"This is probably one of the Polynesian archipelagos where this system was the most developed. It regulated everyone's life, in a way similar to our laws. It delimited what was authorised, or feasible, from what was not. It placed fishing, harvesting and the consumption of plants and food under the protection of prohibitions, in a context where these people had only themselves to rely on. In this way, abuse was avoided, but the tapu themselves could become a source of abuse. The prohibitions apparently multiplied to the extreme\".\u00a0<\/em>. Some locations were also <em>tapu<\/em>in particular <em>me'ae<\/em>These are sacred religious sites, accessible only to priests and their assistants. Even today, Marquesans do not enter them. Other areas - ridge lines, torrent beds, banyan trees and their shadows - could also be used for religious purposes. <em>tapu <\/em>because of their defensive, protective or funerary function. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Iles_Marquises_Recits_des_origines\"><\/span>Marquesas Islands: Tales from the past<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_Hiva-Oa_Atuona_mars07-121-Copier.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-12\" data-rl_title=\"\u00celes Marquises. Tohua du centre Upeke sur l\u2019\u00eele de Hiva Oa \u00e0 Atuona. Longue de plus de 50 m, la cour du tohua comprend \u00e0 une de ses extr\u00e9mit\u00e9s le pa\u2019epa\u2019e r\u00e9serv\u00e9 aux pr\u00eatres et \u00e0 l\u2019autre la plate-forme de sacrifice : le tuu. B. Postel.\" data-rl_caption=\"\u00celes Marquises. Tohua du centre Upeke sur l\u2019\u00eele de Hiva Oa \u00e0 Atuona. Longue de plus de 50 m, la cour du tohua comprend \u00e0 une de ses extr\u00e9mit\u00e9s le pa\u2019epa\u2019e r\u00e9serv\u00e9 aux pr\u00eatres et \u00e0 l\u2019autre la plate-forme de sacrifice : le tuu. B. Postel.\" title=\"Marquesas Islands. Tohua at the Upeke centre on the island of Hiva Oa in Atuona. Over 50 m long, the tohua courtyard has a pa&#039;epa&#039;e reserved for the priests at one end and a sacrificial platform, the tuu, at the other. B. Postel.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_Hiva-Oa_Atuona_mars07-121-Copier-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Marquesas Islands. Tohua at the Upeke centre on the island of Hiva Oa in Atuona. Over 50 m long, the tohua courtyard has a pa&#039;epa&#039;e reserved for the priests at one end and a sacrificial platform, the tuu, at the other. B. Postel.\" class=\"wp-image-6493\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_Hiva-Oa_Atuona_mars07-121-Copier-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_Hiva-Oa_Atuona_mars07-121-Copier-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_Hiva-Oa_Atuona_mars07-121-Copier-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_Hiva-Oa_Atuona_mars07-121-Copier-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_Hiva-Oa_Atuona_mars07-121-Copier-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_Hiva-Oa_Atuona_mars07-121-Copier-36x24.jpg 36w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Brigitte-Postel__Marquises_Hiva-Oa_Atuona_mars07-121-Copier.jpg 1152w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Islands<em> Marquesas Islands. Tohua at the Upeke centre on the island of Hiva Oa in Atuona. The tohua courtyard is over 50 m long, with the pa'epa'e reserved for the priests at one end and the sacrificial platform, the tuu, at the other \u00a9 B. Postel.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><br>One of these stories tells of a huge tree that once stood south of Hiva Oa, on which all the birds of the world lived. <em>Fenua 'enata<\/em>. They found shelter and food there. Then the majestic tree collapsed and its gigantic branches fell onto the islands. Each island was thus populated by a particular bird, which gave rise to its own population, derived from the <em>tumu<\/em>the original trunk of the <em>Tiu <\/em>(the parent clan, <em>ati tumu<\/em>). This name, <em>tiu<\/em>This term refers to the trade winds blowing from the north-east from November to April. These prevailing winds indicated the position of the archipelago for navigators coming from the south-west. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"La_mer_et_les_femmes\"><\/span>The sea and women<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/barque-polynesie-DSC00242-Copier.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-13\" data-rl_title=\"\u00celes Marquises. Parmi les nombreux tapu auxquels les femmes \u00e9taient soumises, il y avait celui qui leur interdisait de toucher une pirogue, aussi \u00e9taient-elles d&rsquo;exceIlentes nageuses, n&rsquo;h\u00e9sitant pas \u00e0 affronter une mer souvent agit\u00e9e. B. Postel.\" data-rl_caption=\"\u00celes Marquises. Parmi les nombreux tapu auxquels les femmes \u00e9taient soumises, il y avait celui qui leur interdisait de toucher une pirogue, aussi \u00e9taient-elles d&#039;exceIlentes nageuses, n&#039;h\u00e9sitant pas \u00e0 affronter une mer souvent agit\u00e9e. B. Postel.\" title=\"Marquesas Islands. One of the many tapu to which the women were subjected was that forbidding them from touching a pirogue, so they were excellent swimmers, not hesitating to take on the often rough seas. B. Postel.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/barque-polynesie-DSC00242-Copier-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Marquesas Islands. One of the many tapu to which the women were subjected was that forbidding them from touching a pirogue, so they were excellent swimmers, not hesitating to take on the often rough seas. B. Postel.\" class=\"wp-image-6491\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/barque-polynesie-DSC00242-Copier-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/barque-polynesie-DSC00242-Copier-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/barque-polynesie-DSC00242-Copier-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/barque-polynesie-DSC00242-Copier-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/barque-polynesie-DSC00242-Copier-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/barque-polynesie-DSC00242-Copier-36x24.jpg 36w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/barque-polynesie-DSC00242-Copier.jpg 1152w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Marquesas Islands. Among the many tapu to which the women were subjected, there was one that forbade them from touching a pirogue, so they were excellent swimmers, not hesitating to take on the often rough seas. \u00a9 B. Postel.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><br>The sea was a traditional area for male activities. Women, on the other hand, frequented the coastline in search of shellfish, seaweed and rock fish. They were only allowed to go out to sea if certain conditions were met. <em>tapu <\/em>were lifted. Until the 1980s, they were forbidden to get into a pirogue, or even to touch it. Women were affected by <em>tapu<\/em>linked to menstrual blood. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1 - Austronesian belongs to a family of languages whose range extends from Taiwan to New Zealand and from Madagascar to Easter Island, with the exception of Australia and part of New Guinea. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>It should be noted that the Unesco World Heritage Committee, at its forty-sixth session in July 2024, has just unanimously decided to list <em>Te Henua Enata<\/em> - the Marquesas Islands as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Office de tourisme des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tahititourisme.fr\/iles\/iles-marquises\/\">Marquesas Islands <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Text : <\/strong>Brigitte Postel<br><strong>Photos : <\/strong>Brigitte Postel unless otherwise stated<br><strong>Opening photos :<\/strong> Island of Nuku Hiva. B. Postel<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Marquesans developed a monumental habitat and very specific sculptures, the tikis. More than 700 archaeological and legendary sites have been recorded in the archipelago, and the inventory is far from complete. They bear witness to a large Polynesian population before...<\/p>","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":6451,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[119,8],"tags":[12,94,309,295,312,310,311],"class_list":["post-6440","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-oceanie","category-polynesie","tag-archeologie","tag-art-de-vivre","tag-ile-2","tag-marquises","tag-pierre-gravee","tag-sculpture","tag-tikis"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u00celes Marquises : une histoire grav\u00e9e dans la pierre - Univers Voyage<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Aux \u00celes Marquises, on trouve des sculptures bien sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e0 l&#039;archipel, les tikis. 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