{"id":7871,"date":"2025-02-28T15:07:11","date_gmt":"2025-02-28T14:07:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/?p=7871"},"modified":"2026-01-10T15:41:09","modified_gmt":"2026-01-10T14:41:09","slug":"the-black-pharaohs-a-history-of-nubia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/en\/les-pharaons-noirs-une-histoire-de-la-nubie\/","title":{"rendered":"The Black Pharaohs - A History of Nubia"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><br><strong>In 2003, Swiss archaeologists Charles Bonnet and Matthieu Honegger discovered a cache of forty fragments of black granite statues at Doukki Gel in Upper Nubia - now Sudan. The dismembered stones revealed seven magnificent monumental statues of the five black pharaohs, the African sovereigns who ruled over Nubia and Egypt for almost a century, from 747 BC to 656 BC. Charles Bonnet's book retraces the history of the lengthy excavations carried out at Kerma, the ancient capital of the Kingdom of Kush (1), which unearthed this statuary as well as impressive monuments testifying to the power of the rulers of the Kingdom of Nubia.<\/strong> <\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-white ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/en\/les-pharaons-noirs-une-histoire-de-la-nubie\/#La_renaissance_posthume_du_royaume_de_Kouch\" >The posthumous rebirth of the kingdom of Kush<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/en\/les-pharaons-noirs-une-histoire-de-la-nubie\/#Le_declin_de_lEgypte_du_Nord\" >The decline of Northern Egypt<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/en\/les-pharaons-noirs-une-histoire-de-la-nubie\/#La_periode_des_pharaons_noirs_de_la_XXVe_dynastie\" >The period of the Black Pharaohs of Dynasty XXV<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/en\/les-pharaons-noirs-une-histoire-de-la-nubie\/#Fouilles_a_Kerma_et_a_Doukki_Gel\" >Excavations at Kerma and Doukki Gel<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/en\/les-pharaons-noirs-une-histoire-de-la-nubie\/#Decouverte_des_statues_a_Doukki_Gel\" >Discovery of the statues at Doukki Gel<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Couv-Pharaons-1ere-HD-scaled.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-0\" data-rl_title=\"Couv Pharaons 1ere HD\" data-rl_caption=\"\" title=\"Pharaohs 1st HD cover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"654\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Couv-Pharaons-1ere-HD-654x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7879\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Couv-Pharaons-1ere-HD-654x1024.jpg 654w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Couv-Pharaons-1ere-HD-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Couv-Pharaons-1ere-HD-768x1203.jpg 768w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Couv-Pharaons-1ere-HD-980x1536.jpg 980w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Couv-Pharaons-1ere-HD-1307x2048.jpg 1307w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Couv-Pharaons-1ere-HD-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Couv-Pharaons-1ere-HD-383x600.jpg 383w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Couv-Pharaons-1ere-HD-15x24.jpg 15w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Couv-Pharaons-1ere-HD-scaled.jpg 1634w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 654px) 100vw, 654px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>It is to him that we owe the resurrection of this territory. His exceptional discovery and research into the site of the ancient capital, Kerma, has brought this forgotten, little-known history out of the shadows. A bridge between Central Africa and the Mediterranean basin that the author invites us to reintegrate into the history of civilisations. <em>\"As we have seen after fifty years of research, Egyptian texts and archaeological remains have demonstrated that the Nubians developed an organisation and techniques that are entirely comparable to those of the peoples of the north, who are considered to be more advanced.<\/em> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"La_renaissance_posthume_du_royaume_de_Kouch\"><\/span>The posthumous rebirth of the kingdom of Kush<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Scavi-Charles-Bonnet-a-Kerma.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-1\" data-rl_title=\"Soudan. L&rsquo;arch\u00e9ologue suisse Charles Bonnet sur un chantier de fouilles \u00e0 Kerma. Alfredo e Angelo Castiglioni.\" data-rl_caption=\"Soudan. L&#039;arch\u00e9ologue suisse Charles Bonnet sur un chantier de fouilles \u00e0 Kerma. Alfredo e Angelo Castiglioni.\" title=\"Sudan. The Swiss archaeologist Charles Bonnet on an excavation site at Kerma. Alfredo e Angelo Castiglioni.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"756\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Scavi-Charles-Bonnet-a-Kerma-1024x756.jpg\" alt=\"Sudan. The Swiss archaeologist Charles Bonnet on an excavation site at Kerma. Alfredo e Angelo Castiglioni.\" class=\"wp-image-7898\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Scavi-Charles-Bonnet-a-Kerma-1024x756.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Scavi-Charles-Bonnet-a-Kerma-300x221.jpg 300w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Scavi-Charles-Bonnet-a-Kerma-768x567.jpg 768w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Scavi-Charles-Bonnet-a-Kerma-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Scavi-Charles-Bonnet-a-Kerma-600x443.jpg 600w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Scavi-Charles-Bonnet-a-Kerma-33x24.jpg 33w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Scavi-Charles-Bonnet-a-Kerma.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Sudan. Swiss archaeologist Charles Bonnet on an excavation site at Kerma \u00a9.<\/em> <em>Alfredo and Angelo Castiglioni.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>It was by chance that Bonnet came to Sudan in 1965. At the time, it was complicated to carry out excavations in Egypt, where there were thousands of projects. The young archaeologist decided to go to Sudan and start digging at Kerma, a site on the banks of the Nile, 500 km north of Khartoum.<br>The gigantic work he carried out there, with the help of a French archaeological mission and the local population, for three months every winter for more than 50 years, made it possible to document an entire chapter in the history of Nubia and the relationship between Black Africa and the Mediterranean world, Egypt in particular. His work sheds light on the kingdom of Kush, which emerged in Sudan around 2500 BC, around Kerma, the capital of the first Nubian kingdom located near the 3rd cataract of the Nile. This state long posed a threat to the Pharaonic state, until it was colonised by Egypt around 1500 BC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Le_declin_de_lEgypte_du_Nord\"><\/span>The decline of Northern Egypt<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><br><br>This \"buffer zone\", Upper Nubia, was overflowing with wealth. It was also a trading area that the leaders of Pharaonic Egypt wanted to control in order to obtain certain highly sought-after goods: gold (Nubia comes from the Egyptian word <em>nub<\/em>which means gold), ebony, ivory, feline skins, prisoners, slaves, soldiers, etc. Kerma was to become increasingly important during the Egyptian occupation and was rebuilt as a \"fortress\". <em>men\u00e9nou<\/em>This fortified pharaonic structure was designed to manage the conquered territories. Over this immense territory, several <em>men\u00e9nou <\/em>are built, so important are the networks of exchanges.<br><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/IMG_20240101_151857-1K-JPEG.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-2\" data-rl_title=\"Egypte. Statue de Rams\u00e8s II dans l&rsquo;ancienne capitale de Memphis. B. Postel.\" data-rl_caption=\"Egypte. Statue de Rams\u00e8s II dans l&#039;ancienne capitale de Memphis. B. Postel.\" title=\"Egypt. Statue of Ramses II in the ancient capital of Memphis. B. Postel.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/IMG_20240101_151857-1K-JPEG.jpg\" alt=\"Egypt. Statue of Ramses II in the ancient capital of Memphis. B. Postel.\" class=\"wp-image-7904\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/IMG_20240101_151857-1K-JPEG.jpg 683w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/IMG_20240101_151857-1K-JPEG-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/IMG_20240101_151857-1K-JPEG-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/IMG_20240101_151857-1K-JPEG-400x600.jpg 400w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/IMG_20240101_151857-1K-JPEG-16x24.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Egypt. Statue of Ramses II in the ancient capital of Memphis. <em>\u00a9<\/em><\/em> <em>B. Postel.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>But after the glorious reign of Ramses II (1304 \/ 1301 BC - 1213), third pharaoh of the 19th dynasty (New Kingdom - 1500 to 1070 BC), the power of the pharaohs weakened. Power gradually disintegrated. When Ramses II died, he left a hundred or so children to fight over his succession. In Thebes (now Luxor), the religious capital, the high priests of Amun, flouting tradition, set themselves up as candidates for the throne. The decline of Egypt began and lasted for twelve centuries. Egypt was attacked by the Libyans, the Assyrians, the Sardinians... Reign after reign, the country sank into a kind of anarchy.<br>From 1000 BC onwards, the Nubian populations resumed their traditions, while retaining some of what they had learned from Egypt. Despite Egypt's military and cultural domination, Nubia somehow retained its ancient practices, which can be seen in certain temples built on circular or oval bases. Even if, during the conquest, the rounded buildings of Doukki Gel (a town very close to Kerma) were adapted to the quadrangular plans of the Egyptians.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"La_periode_des_pharaons_noirs_de_la_XXVe_dynastie\"><\/span>The period of the Black Pharaohs of Dynasty XXV<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Fig_054.jpeg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-3\" data-rl_title=\"R\u00e9plique en r\u00e9sine de la t\u00eate du pharaon Anlamani avec des pendentifs repr\u00e9sentant le b\u00e9lier Amon.\" data-rl_caption=\"R\u00e9plique en r\u00e9sine de la t\u00eate du pharaon Anlamani avec des pendentifs repr\u00e9sentant le b\u00e9lier Amon.\" title=\"Resin replica of the head of the pharaoh Anlamani with pendants representing the ram Amon.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Fig_054-768x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"Resin replica of the head of the pharaoh Anlamani with pendants representing the ram Amon.\" class=\"wp-image-7882\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Fig_054-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Fig_054-225x300.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Fig_054-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Fig_054-9x12.jpeg 9w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Fig_054-450x600.jpeg 450w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Fig_054-18x24.jpeg 18w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Fig_054.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Resin replica of the head of the pharaoh Anlamani with pendants representing the ram Amon.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>In the 8th century BC, at a time when Egypt was falling from grace, the kingdom of Kush, centred around its capital Napata and the great temple of Amun on Jebel Barkal - \"the Pure Mountain\" - was prospering. Taking advantage of Egypt's weakness, the Kushite king <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pi%C3%A2nkhy\">Pi\u00e2nkhy<\/a> (741 BC to 713 BC), seized the land of the pharaohs and claimed the throne. The Nubian soldiers, most of them archers - Nubia was then known as Ta-Seti, \"the land of the bow\" - crushed the many Egyptian kingdoms vying for power. At their head was King Pi\u00e2nkhy, a dark-skinned ruler who was the first link in the XXVth dynasty to reign over Egypt. He died after virtually completing the reunification of Egypt. Under the reign of these \"burnt face\" kings, unified Egypt enjoyed a period of prosperity and artistic renewal, a flourishing era for the entire country that lasted almost 90 years, between 747 BC and 656 BC. Relations with Egypt were transformed. These African kings <em>\"The Assyrians are threatening the entire Nile Valley\".<\/em>says Charles Bonnet.<br>But the Nubian dream in Egypt was short-lived, and the 25th dynasty succumbed to the blows of the Assyrians and the kings of the Delta. In 664 BC, the last black pharaoh, <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tanoutamon\">Tanoutamon<\/a>took refuge in Thebes. The battle was terrible: the city was completely destroyed. The last representative of the dynasty fled to Napata, ceding the throne to <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psamm%C3%A9tique_Ier\">Psammetic I<\/a>(XXVIth dynasty), pharaoh of a new Egyptian lineage, which nevertheless largely perpetuated the legacy of the \"black pharaohs\". Nubia retained its power, however, and kingdoms continued to develop in southern Egypt, such as those of Napata, which was already important, and then of <a href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/en\/meroe-the-forgotten-pyramids\/\">M\u00e9ro\u00e9<\/a>famous for its pyramids.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Fouilles_a_Kerma_et_a_Doukki_Gel\"><\/span>Excavations at Kerma and Doukki Gel<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Fig_042_Kerma_DG_2004-11a-1K-JPEG.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-4\" data-rl_title=\"Soudan. Vue sur les d\u00e9pendances des temples de Doukki Gel avec des boulangeries et des boucheries pour les offrandes.\" data-rl_caption=\"Soudan. Vue sur les d\u00e9pendances des temples de Doukki Gel avec des boulangeries et des boucheries pour les offrandes.\" title=\"Sudan. View of the outbuildings of the Doukki Gel temples with bakeries and butchers for offerings.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Fig_042_Kerma_DG_2004-11a-1K-JPEG.jpg\" alt=\"Sudan. View of the outbuildings of the Doukki Gel temples with bakeries and butchers for offerings.\" class=\"wp-image-7888\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Fig_042_Kerma_DG_2004-11a-1K-JPEG.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Fig_042_Kerma_DG_2004-11a-1K-JPEG-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Fig_042_Kerma_DG_2004-11a-1K-JPEG-768x515.jpg 768w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Fig_042_Kerma_DG_2004-11a-1K-JPEG-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Fig_042_Kerma_DG_2004-11a-1K-JPEG-600x402.jpg 600w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Fig_042_Kerma_DG_2004-11a-1K-JPEG-36x24.jpg 36w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Sudan. View of the outbuildings of the Doukki Gel temples with bakeries and butchers for offerings.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The existence of an archaeological site at Kerma, a town to the south of the Nile's 3rd cataract, was known as early as the 1820s. European travellers who followed the course of the river in Middle Nubia were familiar with the remains of the majestic religious complex that still stands today, 20 metres high in the middle of the desert, and which the local population calls \"Defuffa\". <\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/15636537169_0d8f130dc4_c.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-5\" data-rl_title=\"Soudan. La Deffufa orientale a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite pendant le Royaume de Kerma entre 2500 et 1500 avant J.C. Cette structure servait de cimeti\u00e8re royal jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 la conqu\u00eate \u00e9gyptienne vers 1450 av J.C. Carsten ten Brink.\" data-rl_caption=\"Soudan. La Deffufa orientale a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite pendant le Royaume de Kerma entre 2500 et 1500 avant J.C. Cette structure servait de cimeti\u00e8re royal jusqu&#039;\u00e0 la conqu\u00eate \u00e9gyptienne vers 1450 av J.C. Carsten ten Brink.\" title=\"Sudan. The Eastern Deffufa was built during the Kingdom of Kerma between 2500 and 1500 BC. This structure served as a royal cemetery until the Egyptian conquest around 1450 BC. Carsten ten Brink.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"799\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/15636537169_0d8f130dc4_c.jpg\" alt=\"Sudan. The Eastern Deffufa was built during the Kingdom of Kerma between 2500 and 1500 BC. This structure served as a royal cemetery until the Egyptian conquest around 1450 BC. Carsten ten Brink. \" class=\"wp-image-7896\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/15636537169_0d8f130dc4_c.jpg 799w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/15636537169_0d8f130dc4_c-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/15636537169_0d8f130dc4_c-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/15636537169_0d8f130dc4_c-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/15636537169_0d8f130dc4_c-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/15636537169_0d8f130dc4_c-36x24.jpg 36w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 799px) 100vw, 799px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Sudan. The Eastern Deffufa was built during the Kingdom of Kerma between 2500 and 1500 BC. This structure was used as a royal cemetery until the Egyptian conquest around 1450 BC \u00a9.<\/em> <em>Carsten ten Brink. <\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>In 1913, the first archaeologist to excavate the site, the American <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_Andrew_Reisner\">Georges A. Reisner<\/a> (1867-1942) had described the site as an Egyptian complex, but this was a mistake... Bonnet set about excavating and found that the palace did not date from the period described, but that there were fourteen earlier periods, and when he excavated alongside it, he found up to 40 periods. So this was a great Nubian religious centre and Kerma was the capital of a great civilisation, with an extraordinary political, religious and military organisation, whose golden age ran from 2500 to 1200 BC. This complex has nothing to do with Egypt; it's a different, African civilisation, <em>\"It's true that they don't write, but their cultural development is undeniable.<\/em>writes Charles Bonnet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Decouverte_des_statues_a_Doukki_Gel\"><\/span>Discovery of the statues at Doukki Gel<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"989\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Anlamani-tete_IMG_9371-1K-JPEG.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8285\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Anlamani-tete_IMG_9371-1K-JPEG.jpg 989w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Anlamani-tete_IMG_9371-1K-JPEG-290x300.jpg 290w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Anlamani-tete_IMG_9371-1K-JPEG-768x795.jpg 768w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Anlamani-tete_IMG_9371-1K-JPEG-12x12.jpg 12w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Anlamani-tete_IMG_9371-1K-JPEG-579x600.jpg 579w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Anlamani-tete_IMG_9371-1K-JPEG-23x24.jpg 23w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 989px) 100vw, 989px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"893\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Buste_Senkamanisken_IMG_9372-1K-JPEG.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8286\" style=\"aspect-ratio:0.8288888888888889;width:356px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Buste_Senkamanisken_IMG_9372-1K-JPEG.jpg 893w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Buste_Senkamanisken_IMG_9372-1K-JPEG-262x300.jpg 262w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Buste_Senkamanisken_IMG_9372-1K-JPEG-768x881.jpg 768w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Buste_Senkamanisken_IMG_9372-1K-JPEG-10x12.jpg 10w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Buste_Senkamanisken_IMG_9372-1K-JPEG-523x600.jpg 523w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Buste_Senkamanisken_IMG_9372-1K-JPEG-21x24.jpg 21w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 893px) 100vw, 893px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>Heads of King Senkamanisken who reigned from 640 BC to 620 BC at Napata and of his son Anlamani who reigned from 620 BC to 580 BC just after their discovery at Doukki Gel. \u00a9 B. Postel<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/402px-Taharqa_portrait_Kerma_Museum.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-6\" data-rl_title=\"Soudan. Portrait du pharaon Taharqa. Mus\u00e9e de Kerma. Matthias Gehricke.\" data-rl_caption=\"Soudan. Portrait du pharaon Taharqa. Mus\u00e9e de Kerma. Matthias Gehricke.\" title=\"Sudan. Portrait of the pharaoh Taharqa. Kerma Museum. Matthias Gehricke.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"402\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/402px-Taharqa_portrait_Kerma_Museum.jpg\" alt=\"Sudan. Portrait of the pharaoh Taharqa. Kerma Museum. Matthias Gehricke.\" class=\"wp-image-7891\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/402px-Taharqa_portrait_Kerma_Museum.jpg 402w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/402px-Taharqa_portrait_Kerma_Museum-201x300.jpg 201w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/402px-Taharqa_portrait_Kerma_Museum-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/402px-Taharqa_portrait_Kerma_Museum-16x24.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 402px) 100vw, 402px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Sudan. Portrait of the pharaoh Taharqa. Kerma Museum. \u00a9<\/em> <em>Matthias Gehricke.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Copies_3D_de_six_statues_royales_kouchites_Musee_du_Louvre_Paris_-_Flickr_-_dalbera.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-7\" data-rl_title=\"Pharaons noirs. Copie 3D de six statues royales kouchites r\u00e9alis\u00e9es pour l&rsquo;exposition \u00ab\u00a0Pharaon des Deux Terres. L&rsquo;\u00e9pop\u00e9e africaine des rois de Napata\u00a0\u00bb. Juillet 2022. Mus\u00e9e du Louvre. Dalbera.\" data-rl_caption=\"Pharaons noirs. Copie 3D de six statues royales kouchites r\u00e9alis\u00e9es pour l&#039;exposition &quot;Pharaon des Deux Terres. L&#039;\u00e9pop\u00e9e africaine des rois de Napata&quot;. Juillet 2022. Mus\u00e9e du Louvre. Dalbera.\" title=\"Black Pharaohs. 3D copy of six royal Kushite statues created for the exhibition &quot;Pharaoh of the Two Lands. The African Epic of the Kings of Napata&quot;. July 2022. Mus\u00e9e du Louvre. Dalbera.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Copies_3D_de_six_statues_royales_kouchites_Musee_du_Louvre_Paris_-_Flickr_-_dalbera.jpg\" alt=\"Black Pharaohs. 3D copy of six royal Kushite statues created for the exhibition &quot;Pharaoh of the Two Lands. The African Epic of the Kings of Napata&quot;. July 2022. Louvre Museum. Dalbera.\" class=\"wp-image-7908\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Copies_3D_de_six_statues_royales_kouchites_Musee_du_Louvre_Paris_-_Flickr_-_dalbera.jpg 640w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Copies_3D_de_six_statues_royales_kouchites_Musee_du_Louvre_Paris_-_Flickr_-_dalbera-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Copies_3D_de_six_statues_royales_kouchites_Musee_du_Louvre_Paris_-_Flickr_-_dalbera-18x10.jpg 18w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Copies_3D_de_six_statues_royales_kouchites_Musee_du_Louvre_Paris_-_Flickr_-_dalbera-600x338.jpg 600w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Copies_3D_de_six_statues_royales_kouchites_Musee_du_Louvre_Paris_-_Flickr_-_dalbera-36x20.jpg 36w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Phara<em>ons. 3D copy of six royal Kushite statues created for the exhibition \"Pharaoh of the Two Lands. The African Epic of the Kings of Napata\" exhibition. July 2022. Mus\u00e9e du Louvre. <em>\u00a9<\/em><\/em> <em>Dalbera.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>In January 2003, at Dukki Gel, a town close to and contemporary with Kerma, the Swiss archaeologist unearthed 40 fragments of seven superb monumental statues, along with their ornaments - glass plates, lapis lazuli and gold leaf. They represent the last two kings of the 25th Dynasty, <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taharqa\">Taharqa<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tanoutamon\">Tanoutamon,<\/a> and three of their successors, <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Senkamenisken\">Senkamanisken<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anlamani\">Anlamani<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aspelta\">Aspelta<\/a>These statues had been deliberately broken in order to destroy the 'power' of the pharaohs represented. These statues had been deliberately broken, in order to destroy the \"power\" of the pharaohs represented: they are all broken at the head and leg level, sometimes also the arms, the nose... but are in a remarkable state of preservation. <\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/8650054421_d57f7f0a3c_c.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-8\" data-rl_title=\"Soudan. Le mus\u00e9e de Kerma a \u00e9t\u00e9 ouvert en 2008, \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 de la Deffufa orientale, et abrite les statues des pharaons noirs. David Stanley\" data-rl_caption=\"Soudan. Le mus\u00e9e de Kerma a \u00e9t\u00e9 ouvert en 2008, \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 de la Deffufa orientale, et abrite les statues des pharaons noirs. David Stanley.\" title=\"Sudan. The Kerma Museum was opened in 2008, next to the Eastern Deffufa, and houses the statues of the Black Pharaohs. David Stanley\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/8650054421_d57f7f0a3c_c.jpg\" alt=\"Sudan. The Kerma Museum was opened in 2008, next to the Eastern Deffufa, and houses the statues of the Black Pharaohs. David Stanley\" class=\"wp-image-7900\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/8650054421_d57f7f0a3c_c.jpg 800w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/8650054421_d57f7f0a3c_c-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/8650054421_d57f7f0a3c_c-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/8650054421_d57f7f0a3c_c-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/8650054421_d57f7f0a3c_c-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/8650054421_d57f7f0a3c_c-32x24.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Sudan. The Kerma Museum was opened in 2008, next to the Eastern Deffufa, and houses the statues of the Black Pharaohs. <em>\u00a9<\/em><\/em> <em>David Stanley.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>It took several years to study and restore these statues, which are now on display in the museum in Kerma, Sudan, specially built to house them.<br>This discovery confirms that black populations had formed a very important civilisation.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/moules_1740651168378.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-9\" data-rl_title=\"Doukki Gel veut dire la \u00ab\u00a0colline rouge\u00a0\u00bb en dialecte nubien. Ce nom a \u00e9t\u00e9 donn\u00e9 \u00e0 cause des amoncellements de moules \u00e0 pain fait en argile rouge qui correspondent au grand nombre d&rsquo;offrandes faites aux dieux dans les temples. B. Postel.\" data-rl_caption=\"Doukki Gel veut dire la &quot;colline rouge&quot; en dialecte nubien. Ce nom a \u00e9t\u00e9 donn\u00e9 \u00e0 cause des amoncellements de moules \u00e0 pain fait en argile rouge qui correspondent au grand nombre d&#039;offrandes faites aux dieux dans les temples. B. Postel.\" title=\"Doukki Gel means &quot;red hill&quot; in the Nubian dialect. This name was given because of the heaps of bread moulds made of red clay that correspond to the large number of offerings made to the gods in the temples. B. Postel.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"461\" src=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/moules_1740651168378-1024x461.jpg\" alt=\"Doukki Gel means &quot;red hill&quot; in the Nubian dialect. This name was given because of the heaps of bread moulds made of red clay that correspond to the large number of offerings made to the gods in the temples. B. Postel.\" class=\"wp-image-7877\" srcset=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/moules_1740651168378-1024x461.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/moules_1740651168378-300x135.jpg 300w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/moules_1740651168378-768x346.jpg 768w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/moules_1740651168378-1536x691.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/moules_1740651168378-18x8.jpg 18w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/moules_1740651168378-600x270.jpg 600w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/moules_1740651168378-36x16.jpg 36w, https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/moules_1740651168378.jpg 2040w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Doukki Gel means \"red hill\" in the Nubian dialect. This name was given because of the heaps of bread moulds made of red clay that correspond to the large number of offerings made to the gods in the temples. \u00a9<\/em> <em>B. Postel.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><br>It took Charles Bonnet twenty years to gain recognition for his work, and he also had to oppose the Africanocentric ideas of Cheikh Anta Diop (1923-1986), who claimed that Egypt gave Africa a unified civilisation and that this Egyptian civilisation was black. However, the Egyptian population was white, and there is no unified African civilisation stemming from Egypt. Bonnet's discoveries show that, from ancient times, Central Africa was also the source of complex civilisations and powerful kingdoms. This is an immense field of research for young archaeologists. Many remains remain to be discovered in Sudan. The danger is that they will be destroyed because of the civil war that is still raging there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Charles Bonnet<\/strong> is an Officier de l'Ordre des Arts et Lettres, Member of the Acad\u00e9mie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Visiting Professor at the Coll\u00e8ge de France, Associate Professor at the University of Geneva, Doctor honoris causa of the Universities of Louvain-la-Neuve and Khartoum, Commander of the Order of the Two Nils in Sudan and Officier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in France.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><br>1 - Kush is one of the names that the ancient Egyptians gave to Middle and Upper Nubia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Text :<\/strong> Brigitte Postel<br><strong>Photo opening : <\/strong>Statues of the Black Pharaohs. Kerma Museum. Matthias Gehricke.<br><strong>Photos :<\/strong> Swiss-French-Sudanese Archaeological Mission, unless otherwise stated.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In 2003, Swiss archaeologists Charles Bonnet and Matthieu Honegger discovered a cache of forty fragments of black granite statues at Doukki Gel in Upper Nubia - now Sudan. The dismembered stones were to reveal...<\/p>","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":7893,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[80],"tags":[193,12,21,247,246,245,52,54],"class_list":["post-7871","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-livre","tag-afrique","tag-archeologie","tag-civilisation","tag-fouilles","tag-nubie","tag-pharaons","tag-site-historique","tag-temple"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Les pharaons noirs \u2013 Une histoire de la Nubie - Univers Voyage<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Charles Bonnet, d\u00e9couvreur des pharaons noirs, retrace les longues fouilles men\u00e9es \u00e0 Kerma, l\u2019antique capitale du royaume de Kouch au Soudan.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/en\/the-black-pharaohs-a-history-of-nubia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Les pharaons noirs \u2013 Une histoire de la Nubie\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Charles Bonnet, d\u00e9couvreur des pharaons noirs, retrace les longues fouilles men\u00e9es \u00e0 Kerma, l\u2019antique capitale du royaume de Kouch au Soudan.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/en\/the-black-pharaohs-a-history-of-nubia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Univers Voyage\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/universvoyage\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-02-28T14:07:11+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-01-10T14:41:09+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/universvoyage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/1255px-Rulers_of_Kush_Kerma_Museum.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1255\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Brigitte Postel\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@UniversVoyage\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@UniversVoyage\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Brigitte Postel\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"12 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/universvoyage.com\\\/les-pharaons-noirs-une-histoire-de-la-nubie\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/universvoyage.com\\\/les-pharaons-noirs-une-histoire-de-la-nubie\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Brigitte Postel\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/universvoyage.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/9ea4f1a62da34a53e6429c45a2c9a6a9\"},\"headline\":\"Les pharaons noirs \u2013 Une histoire de la Nubie\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-02-28T14:07:11+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-01-10T14:41:09+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/universvoyage.com\\\/les-pharaons-noirs-une-histoire-de-la-nubie\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":2013,\"commentCount\":1,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/universvoyage.com\\\/les-pharaons-noirs-une-histoire-de-la-nubie\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/universvoyage.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/02\\\/1255px-Rulers_of_Kush_Kerma_Museum.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Afrique\",\"Arch\u00e9ologie\",\"Civilisation\",\"Fouilles\",\"Nubie\",\"Pharaons\",\"Site historique\",\"Temple\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Livre\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/universvoyage.com\\\/les-pharaons-noirs-une-histoire-de-la-nubie\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/universvoyage.com\\\/les-pharaons-noirs-une-histoire-de-la-nubie\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/universvoyage.com\\\/les-pharaons-noirs-une-histoire-de-la-nubie\\\/\",\"name\":\"Les pharaons noirs \u2013 Une histoire de la Nubie - 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